CARLOS GRAY SANTANA
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Environmental Science

Linguistics

General Philosophy of Science

History of Philosophy

Waiting for the Anthropocene
Are we living in a new geological epoch? Maybe. Maybe not. But we definitely shouldn't go around confidently saying we are. Buzzwords
aren't the solution to complex environmental and social problems.

Save the Planet: Eliminate Biodiversity
Biodiversity is a scientifically elusive entity. Worse, it misrepresents what we actually value in nature. Buzzwords aren't the solution to complex environmental and social problems.

Biodiversity Eliminativism
Sometimes, when people don't get it the first time, you have to simplify the argument so they can get it the second time. In this one I come down hard on the gap between what biodiversity represents and what we actually value in nature.

Biodiversity is a chimera, and chimeras aren't real

Sometimes, when people don't get it the first or second time, you have to clarify the argument so they can get it the third time. In this one I explain, with constant reference to ecological examples, why biodiversity isn't a real entity or property you can find in the world.

Natural Diversity
Why do North American geological vandals, who destroy irreplaceable parts of nature, get off with a slap on the wrist, while African poachers, who kill endangered but usually replaceable parts of nature, face lengthy jail sentences or even death? That's a rhetorical question, but it should tell us that the biocentrism of much of environmentalism is morally problematic.


​Bub
What is language?
This simple question can get linguists and philosophers of language really riled up. This paper is my attempt to get everyone to play nice. I highlight some ground rules that, if followed, allow everyone to have their own answer to the question.

Ambiguity in cooperative signaling

Why are biological signaling systems (including language) so ambiguous? Because organisms are lazy.

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Let's not agree to disagree: the role of strategic disagreement in science
Should scientists play devils advocate for theories they don't really believe? Read this paper to find out, or just run the code for the simulation I use in the paper yourself.

Mineral misbehavior
Philosophers have been using mineralogical examples in debates about natural kinds forever. This is my attempt to show what would happen if these examples were informed by the science of mineralogy. 

Why not all evidence is scientific evidence
Have you ever wondered why "I feel it in my gut!" or "My grandparents always said..." aren't permissible forms of evidence in science, even though your gut and your grandparents are usually right? I wrote this paper so you don't have to wonder anymore.

​Three short commentaries on cultural evolution
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Mining History
In which I recount the early history of Nevada's richest silver mine. 
The moral of the story: there should be no philosophical canon.

"Two opposite things placed near each other are the better discerned": Philosophical readings of Cavendish's literary output

Historians of philosophy tend to dismiss Cavendish's plays and novel as not worth our attention because they don't look like philosophy. That's sexist! When male philosophers write in fictional genres, we take them seriously. Moreover, there's some good stuff in Cavendish's fiction. You can't honestly tell me you're not interested in a play called "The Convent of Pleasure" or a sci-fi novel called "Blazing World."

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Photo: Sparrow Pond, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, Montana
The birding wasn't as good as the previous day, but that sunrise made rising early to brave the cold worth it. 
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